Актуальність та перспективи використання лікарських рослин для лікування кандидозу ротової порожнини

Abstract

В огляді cистематизовано сучасну інформацію про антикандидозну активність рослин. Наведено інформацію про шляхи контамінації ротової порожнини грибами роду Candida, протигрибкові агенти, механізми їх дії та деякі можливі негативні побічні явища, які виникають при їх застосуванні, зокрема, у пацієнтів з туберкульозом, СНІДом, онкологічними захворюваннями, а також у осіб, що використовують зубні протези. Наведено численні приклади видів лікарських рослин, які найчастіше використовуються в народній та офіційній медицині при лікуванні кандидозу ротової порожнини, групи хімічних сполук у їх складі, обговорено механізми їх дії. Обговорено можливості використання лікарських рослин для створення нових лікарських протикандидозних препаратів та при лікуванні деяких коморбідних захворювань; В обзоре cистематизировано современную информацию об антикандидозной активности растений. Приведена информация о путях контаминации ротовой полости грибами рода Candida, противогрибковых агентах, механизмах их действия и некоторых возможных отрицательных побочных явлениях, возникающих при их применении, в частности, у пациентов с туберкулезом, СПИДом, онкологическими заболеваниями, а также у использующих зубные протезы. Приведены многочисленные примеры видов лекарственных растений и химических групп соединений в их составе, которые в настоящее время наиболее часто используются в народной и официальной медицине при лечении кандидоза ротовой полости, обсуждены механизмы их действия. Обсуждены возможности использования лекарственных растений при создании новых лекарственных противокандидозных препаратов и при лечении некоторых коморбидных заболеваний; Abstract. The last three decades have witnessed a dramatic rise in the incidence of life threatening systemic fungal infections. Candidiases belong to this group. Сandida spp. belongs to fungi that have the potential to cause life-threatening systemic infections, especially in people with tuberculosis, AIDS, cancer and used antibiotics. In group of risk are humans with dentures. The oral infections with Candida species are termed «oral candidiasis», and are predominantly caused by C. albicans, С. glabrata, С. tropicalis, C. krusei, С. parapsilosis, C. kefyr, C. dubliensis, C. rugosa, C. guilliermondii та Cryptococcus neoformans, and can affect the oropharynx. Information on the chemical groups of compounds which are currently the most often used for the treatment of oral candidiasis was summarized. Due to the development of resistance in known fungal pathogens and the emergence of fungal pathogens intrinsically resistant to the currently available antibiotics, it is important that novel antifungal agents be identified and developed. Plants contain diverse components that are important sources of biologically active molecules. This review is an attempt to create a modern system of information on anti-Candida activity of plants. It provides information on antifungal agents, mechanism of their action and some of the possible negative side effects arising from their use. In this regard, plant natural products may offer a great potential and hope. There are numerous examples of species of medicinal plants, which are currently the most often used in folk and official medicine of Ukraine and other countries for the treatment of oral candidiasis. In medicinal plants a series of molecules with antifungal activity against different strains of fungus have been found. There were reviewed the natural groups of compounds with anti-candida activity (some essential oils and their components, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and some others), and discussed mechanisms of their action. Medicinal plants contain a number of substances simultaneously with different physiological effect, as discussed choice of extractant to obtain the required extract properties. Part of them can be used to prepare extracts and use ex tempore. Have been discussed necessity to study and assess the toxicity of these phytochemicals on an individual basis. The report indicates that many edible plant species might be promising sources of drugs for the treatment of fungal-associated diseases from the important pathogenic genera Candida. The perspectives of new preparations creation on the basis of medicinal plant raw materials have been discussed. In particular, Pyrola rotundifolia, which grow in Western Ukraine, Calamintha officinalis, Poteriumpolygamum, and Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, that introduced in botanical garden have been investigated of their anti-candida activity. Some antimicrobial these plants’ compounds are possible therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics with unavoidable side effects. Even «in the antimicrobial therapy of denture stomatitis, it is desirable to inhibit the growth of not only the primary causative organism, Candida albicans, but also other oral bacteria closely associated with the condition». There are some peptides and proteins isolated from medicinal plants with antifungal activity. The review discusses role of antimicrobial peptides, especially histatins, as anti-candida agents. There was proved a clear link between the state of the oral cavity and the general somatic status of the human body. So, the possibilities of use of natural of medicinal plants and groups of compounds with antifungal activity in the treatment of certain other comorbid conditions have been discussed. In this regard, new formulations of antifungals, combination therapies and development of new bioactive compounds might be useful for a better therapeutic outcome.