Морфологічні особливості компонентів тканин і органів при ожирінні

Abstract

В статті наведений аналіз сучасної наукової літератури щодо змін в органах і тканинах при ожирінні. Ожиріння сприяє виникненню численних захворювань та їх ускладнень, таких як цукровий діабет 2 типу, гіпертонія, інсульт, хвороба жовчного міхура, остеоартрит, психосоціальні проблеми та певні види раку. Проте основні механізми розвитку патологічних станів органів унаслідок ожиріння залишаються незрозумілими. Розглянуто жирову тканину, як ендокринний орган, який утворює біля 50 біологічно активних речовин. Найбільш вагому роль відіграє біла жирова тканина. Основною структурною одиницею жирової тканини є високоспеціалізовані клітини – адипоцити. Описано вплив адипоцитокінів на різні тканини організму; В статье приведен анализ современной научной литературы по изменениям в органах и тканях при ожирении. Ожирение повышает вероятность возникновения многочисленных заболеваний органов и осложнений, таких как СД2 типа, гипертонию, инсульт, болезнь желчного пузыря, остеоартрит, психосоциальные проблемы и некоторые виды рака. Однако основные механизмы остаются непонятными. Рассмотрено жировую ткань, как эндокринный орган, который образует около 50 биологически активных веществ. Наиболее важную роль в этих нарушениях играет белая жировая ткань. Основной структурной единицей жировой ткани является высокоспециализированные клетки – адипоциты. Описано влияние адипоцитокинов на различные ткани организма; The article presents an analysis of modern scientific literature on changes in organs and tissues in obesity. Obesity increases the likelihood of multiple organ diseases and complications, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, psychosocial problems and some types of cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The adipose tissue, as an endocrine organ, which forms about 50 biologically active substances is considered. The most important role in these disorders is played by the white adipose tissue. The main structural unit of adipose tissue is highly specialized cells – adipocytes. The influence of adipocytokines on various tissues of an organism is described. Adipose tissue is a complex organ that comprises a wide range of cell types with diverse energy storage, metabolic regulation, and neuroendocrine and immune functions. Because it contains various immune cells, either adaptive or innate. Obesity is a proinflammatory condition in which hypertrophied adipocytes and adipose tissue-resident immune cells (primarily lymphocytes and macrophages) both contribute to increased circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Leptin was one of the first proteins shown to be secreted from adipose tissue. Leptin has proinflammatory functions: it stimulates T-cell proliferative responses, polarized naïve CD4+ T-cell proliferation towards the Th1 phenotype, promotes a marked increase in Th1-type cytokine production, induces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages and monocytes, and acts directly on hepatocytes to promote C-reactive protein expression. Leptin can induce chemotaxis of neutrophils, is involved in the development and maintenance of a functional NK (natural killer) pool, and induces the production of IL-6 and TNF-α from macrophages. High concentrations of free fatty acids suppress hepatocyte susceptibility to insulin, leading to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, which, in turn, causes a violation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as a factor in the development of arterial hypertension. During obesity in the spleen there was a significant expansion of venous sinuses (sinusoids), macrophages, filled with drops of hemosiderin, were found on some sections, especially around small vessels, eosinophilic aggregations and accumulation of lipids in the extended sinusoid were revealed. When hyoid type of obesity more often than at abdominal in patients there is an increase in pancreas or part of it, increase echogenicity of the gland, expansion of the duct of the pancreas, the formation of pseudocyst. With an abdominal type of obesity, calcification of the parenchyma of the pancreas is more often observed, and its tissues are heavier, including those with signs of fibrosis. Thus, adipose tissue is a complex endocrine organ, the effect of which on organs and tissues is weighty and diverse, increasing the likelihood of multiple diseases. The study of the dynamics of changes in the structural organization of organs and tissues, as well as the possible methods for their correction, remain relevant and important for both theoretical and practical medicine.