Оцінка рівня фізичного навантаження та показників імунного статусу як умова збереження здоров’я спортсменів

Abstract

В результаті дослідження визначено роль рівня фізичного навантаження в збереженні здоров’я спортсменів на основі вивчення їх популяційного складу лімфоцитів периферичної крові. Встановлено, що одноразові тренування з фізичними навантаженнями середнього і пікового рівня, які випробовували спортсмени-дзюдоїсти, супроводжувались схожими змінами популяційного складу лімфоцитів. Виявлено зменшення загальної кількості Т-лімфоцитів, Т-хелперів/індукторів, Т-супресорів /цитотоксиків, природних кілерів і В-лімфоцитів при відсутності тенденції до формування супресорного варіанта імунодефіциту. Однак одноразові порогові фізичні навантаження на популяційний склад лімфоцитів у спортсменів-дзюдоїстів негативного впливу не чинили; В результате исследования определена роль уровня физической нагрузки в сохранении здоровья спортсменов на основе изучения их популяционного состава лимфоцитов периферической крови. Установлено, что однократные тренировки co средними и пиковыми нагрузками, которые испытывали спортсмены-дзюдоисты, сопровождались сходными по выраженности изменениями популяционного состава лимфоцитов. Выявлено уменьшение общего количества Т-лимфоцитов, Т-хелперов/индукторов, Т-супрессоров/цитотоксиков, естественных киллеров и В-лимфоцитов при отсутствии тенденции к формированию супрессорного варианта иммунодефицита. Однако однократные физические нагрузки порогового уровня на популяционный состав лимфоцитов у спортсменов-дзюдоистов негативного влияния не оказывали; The article is devoted to defining the role of physical activity exercise in maintaining of the health of athletes based on the study of their population composition of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Summary of theoretical data allowed confirming that the immune status of a cellular link of immunity plays an important role in providing of the immune homeostasis and maintaining of the health of athletes at the optimal level. It is established that under the influence of one-time physical activity exercises, in athletes who are engaged in judo, are observed various changes in population composition of peripheral blood lymphocytes and expressiveness of changes depended directly on the level of physical activity exercises that athletes tested. In the study assesses the level of physical activity exercises that athletes tested during training cycle based on maximum oxygen consumption (MOC). Determination of the maximum oxygen consumption was carried out by the method of Astrand P.O., Ryhming J.A., with calculations by using the nomogram. Immunological methods of research were applied in the work. Statistical analysis of the received data was carried out by using Student’s standard. Based on the study of the received results it was found that one-off trainings with physical activity exercises of the middle and peak level, that athletes-judokas tested, were accompanied by similar changes in the population composition of lymphocytes. It was revealed the lowering of the total number of T-lymphocytes, T-helpers/inductors, T suppressors/cytotoxic, natural killer cells and B-lymphocytes with no tendency to form a suppress variant of the immunodeficiency. However, single-threshold exercises on the population composition of lymphocytes in judo athletes did not do any negative impact. Based on generalized material of the studied theme it was found that one-time trainings during physical activity exercises of the average and peak levels in athletes who were engaged in judo, caused significant changes in population composition of lymphocytes, which were shown to reduce the number of CD3 +, CD4 +, CD16 + and CD22 + lymphocytes with the tendency of reducing of the immunoregulatory index CD4/CD8. It is noted that after the training, under the influence of physical activity peak level of CD3 +-lymphocytes was a 1.31 times lower entry level and at 1.29 times lower reference standards (in both comparisons p <0.01). Furthermore, after the trainings the figure CD3 + -cells was at 1.08 and 1.26 times lower than similar indicators specified in athletes who trained in a one-time physical exercise modes of middle and threshold levels, respectively (p>0.05 and p<0.05). That is under the influence of the physical activity exercises of the peak level T-lymphopenia was the largest. It was revealed that after the one-time training of the athletes in the mode of physical activity exercises of the peak level the absolute number of CD4 + -lymphocytes decreased 1.3 times (p<0.001), the absolute number of CD8 + -lymphocytes 1.2 times (p<0.05). Immunoregulation ratio CD4/CD8 thus decreased 1.06 times, which was not statistically significant. For CD16 + - and CD22 + -lymphocytes degree of decreasing was 1.58 and 1.52 times, respectively (p<0.001). The study demonstrated that major changes of the immune status were caused by the training activity exercises of the peak level. It was suggested to exclude from the training cycle of the judo-athletes the physical activity exercises of the peak level or significantly reduce the number of such trainings to prevent the occurrence of immunodeficiency state and metabolic disorders that will keep the standard of health of athletes.