Філософія мови В. фон Гумбольдта і формування німецької герменевтики ХІХ ст.

Abstract

Розглядається філософія мови В. фон Гумбольдта і його вчення про внутрішню форму в якості теоретичної основи філософської герменевтики ХІХ століття. Показана конгеніальність ідей вченого і творців герменевтичних теорій: Ф. Шлейермахера, Ф. Аста, В. Дільтея, в яких набули подальшого розвитку уявлення про духовну культуру як визначальну силу соціального розвитку та індивідуальності, як передумові всякого існування. Вказані концепти і склали в підсумку основу німецької герменевтики і її підходів до інтерпретації, пов'язаних перед усім з відмовою від розуміння герменевтики як допоміжного інструменту і перетворенню теорії розуміння в найбільш повну і довершену гуманітарну методологію. ; Рассматривается философия языка В. фон Гумбольдта и его учение о внутренней форме в качестве теоретического основания философской герменевтики ХIX века. Показана конгениальность идей ученого и создателей герменевтических теорий: Ф. Шлейермахера, Ф. Аста, В. Дильтея, в которых получили дальнейшее развертывание представления о духовной культуре, как определяющей силе общественного развития и индивидуальности, как предпосылке всякого существования. Эти концепты и составили в конечном итоге основу немецкой герменевтики и ее подходов к интерпретации, связанных прежде всего с отказом от понимания герменевтики как вспомогательного инструмента и превращению теории понимания в наиболее полную и совершенную гуманитарную методологию. ; The philosophy of the language of V. von Humboldt and his doctrine of the internal form as the theoretical basis of the philosophical hermeneutics of the ХIX century are considered. The congeniality of the ideas of the scientist and the creators of hermeneutic theories is shown: F. Schleiermacher, F. Ast, W. Dilthey, in which they further developed the notion of spiritual culture as the determining force of social development and individuality, as a prerequisite for all existence. These concepts and eventually formed the basis of German hermeneutics and its approaches to interpretation, primarily related to the rejection of the understanding of hermeneutics as an auxiliary tool and the transformation of the theory of understanding into the most complete and perfect humanitarian methodology. Formation of the circle of ideas that formed the basis of modern philosophical hermeneutics is inseparable from the notions of the essence of language and understanding of its role in the formation of spiritual culture, as well as from the notions of human individuality, its formation and development. Consideration of such issues is fundamental for revealing the actual role that the hermeneutic project played in the history of European humanitarian culture. Otherwise, his reception will be limited to the idea of hermeneutics as one of the philosophical trends considered in courses on the history of philosophy. In such a situation it will be difficult to understand why the status of hermeneuticals is given to theories that are fundamentally different from each other. This is the biblical criticism, and the philosophy of life, and the phenomenological tradition, existentialism and the numerous schools of semiotics. In this article we will consider a number of conceptual premises that made it possible to form the German hermeneutics of the nineteenth century and which, with certain amendments, retain their significance in modern philosophical hermeneutics. The fundamental link in the development of theories of understanding and interpretation is the emergence of scientific philology, a new science of language and understanding of the latter as a necessary spiritual basis for the development of the people and man. One of the thinkers, theorists of the new philology and reformer of education, the man whose name is called the very form of the classical university, became Wilhelm von Humboldt. Thanks to Humboldt, his supporters and like-minded people, language learning takes on a completely different quality, the language, according to Humboldt, is the basic form of knowledge of the world. Studying of classical languages improves own understanding of the world and itself. The author of the German educational reforms was also an outstanding linguist, a scientist, whose ideas are still important today. He became the founder of a new direction in linguistics, which until the first third of the twentieth century was one of the most influential in the study of language. One can speak about the undoubted influence of the circle of W. von Humboldt's ideas on the formation of the theoretical foundations of the German hermeneutics of the nineteenth century, the fundamental reorientation of the latter's problems from purely philological problems and religious exegesis to the understanding of the language and its formations as an indispensable spiritual basis of man and culture. In the framework of the approach developed by Humboldt, hermeneutics for the first time in its existence acquires a spiritual, metaphysical, and therefore universal, essential basis, which allows it to become in the twentieth century a multidimensional universal humanitarian methodology.