Оральный микробиом и возраст

Abstract

Приведено дані про вікові фактори ризику розвитку нейродегенеративних захворювань, у тому числі хвороби Альцгеймера, зв’язані з оральною мікробіотою. Тривалий вплив циркулюючих прозапальних цитокинів, таких як TNFα и IL1β, сприяє порушенню гематоенцефалітичного бар’єру, дозволяючи зміненої з віком оральній мікробіоті проникати в мозок через рясні іннервації ротової порожнини, сприяючи розвиткові важкої патології. Знання того, як процеси старіння і запалення впливають на оральний мікробіом людей похилого віку, відкриває нові можливості значно поліпшити їхній загальний стан.

Приведены данные о возрастных факторах риска развития нейродегенеративных заболеваний, в том числе болезни Альцгеймера, связанные с оральной микробиотой. Длительное воздействие циркулирующих провоспалительных цитокинов, таких как TNFα и IL1β, способствует нарушению гематоэнцефалического барьера, позволяя измененной с возрастом оральной микробиоте проникать в мозг через обильные иннервации ротовой полости, способствуя развитию тяжелой патологии. Знание того, как процесс старения и воспаление воздействуют на оральный микробиом пожилых людей, открывает новые возможности значительно улучшить их общее состояние.

Currently, there is a wide range of health problems that begin or deteriorate with age. Most of them are chronic conditions, which are usually observed with a high frequency in the elderly. With age, the proportion and composition of various taxons in the biofilm of oral microbiota in adults varies significantly, the number of enteropathogens that can be associated with the development of chronic inflammation increases, this correlates with the development of a number of geriatric diseases and indicates the key role of the oral microbiota in human health. Sluggish, chronic systemic inflammation observed with aging is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality in the elderly, which can be enhanced by products produced by microbial communities existing in the human body, such as periodontal or intestinal microbiota which can enter the circulation. There are evidence that periodontitis is associated with the elevated level of systemic proinflammatory biomarkers, especially in the elderly people. There are provided potential mechanisms by means of which microbiota promotes aging, this represents an important progress in the understanding of the aging process. There is also growing evidence that aging is directly related to the composition and formation of the oral microbiota. Among the theories that have been proposed to explain the increase of prevalence and/or severity of periodontitis with age are changes in the innate immune and/or inflammatory status and shifts in the subgingivalmicrobiota, while changes in local or systemic immune inflammatory status affect oral microbiota and vice versa. The age is the greatest risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. There is proposed a mechanism in which systemic inflammation, characterized by prolonged exposure to circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα and IL1β may compromise the blood-brain barrier, allowing bacteria to spread in the brain. Rather than anywhere else, it is in the oral cavity there exists a possibility of the direct access of pathogens of the altered oral microbiota to the brain through the olfactory nerve or through abundant innervation of the oral cavity by the trigeminal and other cranial nerves, acting as a “route” of bacteria directly from the oral cavity to the brain in violation of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Studies of the oral microbiome of the elderly people are an innovative strategy to identify age-related diseases. Notion how the aging process and inflammation affect the oral microbiomas of the elderly, opens up opportunities to significantly improve their overall condition, so understanding the effects of periodontal disease as a public health problem cannot be ignored.