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    Analysis of data about the digestive tract microflora of the humans and white rats
    (Сумський державний університет, 2025) Hryn, Volodymyr; Ustenko, Roman; Svintsytska, Nataliia; Piliuhin, Andrii; Fedorchenko, Igor; Tarasenko, Yana; Lytovka, Volodymyr; Гринь, Володимир Григорович; Устенко, Роман Леонідович; Свінцицька, Наталія Леонідівна; Пілюгін, Андрій Валентинович; Федорченко, Ігор Леонідович; Тарасенко, Яна Альбертівна; Литовка, Володимир Вікторович
    Introduction. Issues related to the understanding of the mechanisms of development of functional disorders of the small and large intestine, which are widely known as dysbacteriosis (or dysbiosis), are still relevant problems in medicine. The causes of its development include all kinds of exogenous, endogenous and alimentary factors, as well as stressful states of the body. A special place is occupied by dysbacteriosis of iatrogenic origin, that arise as a result of the action of various drugs on the body. Methods. Bibliographic analysis is based on published articles, books, textbooks and monographs. The search for sources was carried out in the scientific and metric databases of Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, the National Medical Library and the electronic library of the Poltava State Medical University. Results and their discussion. According to the literature, the largest number of bacteria (about 100 trillion) and more than 1,200 types of viruses live in the human gastrointestinal tract. Currently, its microflora is divided into obligate (principal, resident, autochthonous), facultative (saprophytic, conditionally pathogenic) and transient. Microorganisms that are present in the digestive tract from birth, making up about 95% of the entire microbiota, are called obligate microorganisms. Obligate microflora is not the source of any pathological processes. The facultative microflora includes many microorganisms, but its species and quantitative composition is not constant. Facultative microorganisms can cause various pathological conditions in cases where they begin to reproduce strongly. By localization in the small and large intestine, parietal and cavity microflora are distinguished. In addition, according to functional activity, the entire microflora of the digestive tract is divided into neutral, potentially pathogenic and probiotics. The modern concept of biofilms allows us to clarify the peculiarities of the interaction between obligate and facultative microorganisms. The results of these studies made it possible to divide all antimicrobial drugs into two main groups − those that penetrate biofilms well and poorly. All of the above refers to the microflora of the human gastrointestinal tract, a detailed investigation of which is quite difficult. On the other hand, it is known about the close similarity of the digestive tract structure of white rats and humans. This concerns the absence of significant species differences in the morphofunctional organization of lymphoid formations of the gastrointestinal tract and the division of the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract of white rats into parietal and cavity. Conclusions. The entire microflora of the digestive tract is divided into two communities − parietal and cavity microbiota. The main mass of parietal microflora (about 95%) consists of obligate microorganisms, many of which belong to probiotics, which contribute to the maintenance of a favorable state of the digestive tract. The quantitative concentration of parietal microflora microorganisms in the digestive tract gradually increases in the caudal direction. Modern ideas about the effect of antibiotics indicate that none of them can completely destroy the formed biofilms. The clinical effect of antibiotics is largely related to the cessation of the settlement of biofilms and decreation in the biological activity of pathogenic microorganisms.